Options

• Type Option represents an optional value: every Option is either Some and contains a value, or None.

  enum Option<T> {
    Some(T),
    None,
  }

• The if let syntax lets you combine if and let into a less verbose way to handle values that match one pattern while ignoring the rest.

• Using if let means less typing, less indentation, and less boilerplate code.

• Similarly while let syntax lets you combine while and let.

• References:

  • Option Enum Format

  • Option Module Documentation

  • Option Enum Documentation

  • Concise Control Flow with if let

  • while let

options1.rs

// This function returns how much icecream there is left in the fridge.
// If it's before 22:00 (24-hour system), then 5 scoops are left. At 22:00,
// someone eats it all, so no icecream is left (value 0). Return `None` if
// `hour_of_day` is higher than 23.
fn maybe_icecream(hour_of_day: u16) -> Option<u16> {
    // Complete the function body.
    match hour_of_day {
        0..=21 => Some(5),
        22..=23 => Some(0),
        _ => None,
    }
}

fn main() {
    // You can optionally experiment here.
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn raw_value() {
        // Fix this test. How do you get the value contained in the
        // Option?
        let icecreams = maybe_icecream(12).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(icecreams, 5); // Don't change this line.
    }

    #[test]
    fn check_icecream() {
        assert_eq!(maybe_icecream(0), Some(5));
        assert_eq!(maybe_icecream(9), Some(5));
        assert_eq!(maybe_icecream(18), Some(5));
        assert_eq!(maybe_icecream(22), Some(0));
        assert_eq!(maybe_icecream(23), Some(0));
        assert_eq!(maybe_icecream(24), None);
        assert_eq!(maybe_icecream(25), None);
    }
}

• In this exercise we need to return ice cream left by given hour.

  • Hour 0 until 21 return 5 scoop left.

  • Hour 22 until 23 return 0 scoop left.

  • Hour 24 or more return None.

• So based on the condition above we can use match syntax like this:

  match hour_of_day {
      0..=21 => Some(5),
      22..=23 => Some(0),
      _ => None,
    }
  }

• And to get the value we can use unwrap method.

• unwrap can cause panic if the values is None so best not to use, we can use unwrap_or instead to provide default value if None.

options2.rs

fn main() {
    // You can optionally experiment here.
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn simple_option() {
        let target = "rustlings";
        let optional_target = Some(target);

        if let Some(word) = optional_target {
            assert_eq!(word, target);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn layered_option() {
        let range = 10;
        let mut optional_integers: Vec<Option<i8>> = vec![None];

        for i in 1..=range {
            optional_integers.push(Some(i));
        }

        let mut cursor = range;

        // Make this a while-let statement. Remember that `Vec::pop()`
        // adds another layer of `Option`. You can do nested pattern matching
        // in if-let and while-let statements.
        while let Some(Some(integer)) = optional_integers.pop() {
            assert_eq!(integer, cursor);
            cursor -= 1;
        }

        assert_eq!(cursor, 0);
    }
}

• In this exercise we need to fix simple_option function by using if let syntax to safely unwrap/unpack the Option value.

  let Some(word) = optional_target {
    assert_eq!(word, target);
  }

• The code above will unwrap the optional_target.

  • If there is Some value it will bind it to variable word and we can use it inside the block.

  • If None then it will ignore it.

• Second task is to fix simple_option by using while let syntax.

  while let Some(Some(integer)) = optional_integers.pop() {
    assert_eq!(integer, cursor);
    cursor -= 1;
  }

• The code above will do same thing with if let, it will check the returned value of optional_integers.pop().

  • If there is Some value there it will bind it to integer variable and then goes inside the block.

  • If None the loop will stop.

options3.rs

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Point {
    x: i32,
    y: i32,
}

fn main() {
    let optional_point = Some(Point { x: 100, y: 200 });

    // Fix the compiler error by adding something to this match statement.
    match &optional_point { // Add &
        Some(p) => println!("Co-ordinates are {},{}", p.x, p.y),
        _ => panic!("No match!"),
    }

    println!("{optional_point:?}"); // Don't change this line.
}

• In this exercise because we want to use the variables optional_point further after match we should not move the ownership.

• Instead we should match the reference so it can be borrowed by adding &.